Introducción
El ácido fólico o folato (vitamina B9) es un nutriente esencial para nuestra salud ya que es necesario en la síntesis de ADN y nuevas células.
Durante el embarazo, la mujer necesita de cantidades suficientes de ácido fólico para ella y el feto, que está en proceso de formación.
La importancia del ácido fólico
Durante el embarazo, la demanda del cuerpo por folato aumenta considerablemente, ya que esta vitamina también es necesaria para el crecimiento y desarrollo del feto. La deficiencia de ácido fólico durante el embarazo está asociada con anomalías fetales graves, especialmente los llamados defectos del tubo neural (DTN). Las anomalías en la formación del tubo neural son la causa más común de malformación fetal tras las cardiopatías congénitas.
El tubo neural es una estructura embrionaria que da lugar a la médula espinal, vértebras, meninge, cerebro y cráneo. Defectos en la formación del sistema nervioso del feto se producen en las mujeres embarazadas que han tenido niveles insatisfactorios
de ácido fólico en el cuerpo durante el embarazo. Los folatos son nutrientes esenciales, que el hombre no puede sintetizar, y por
tanto tiene que incorporarlos a través de la dieta.
La suplementación con ácido fólico supone la solución más importante y efectiva para disminuir los defectos congénitos.
● Se recomienda la ingesta de un suplemento de 0,4 mg de ácido fólico al día a toda mujer que esté planeando un embarazo. Aquellas con antecedentes de DTN la dosis será de 4 mg/día.
● Se deberá empezar al menos un mes antes de la concepción y mantenerse como mínimo hasta el final del primer trimestre. La tendencia actual es mantenerlo durante todo el embarazo, sobre
todo en casos de gemelaridad, enfermedades crónicas, vómitos de repetición o malabsorción de cualquier origen.
● La toma debe ser diaria e ininterrumpida porque no se almacena en el organismo. Su consumo irregular disminuye o anula el efecto protector.
Independientemente de esto, se aconseja a todas las embarazadas incluir en su dieta alimentos que aporten ácido fólico especialmente
vegetales de hoja verde, hígado, frutas, cereales, legumbres, levaduras y frutos secos.
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